Ab Anbars

Throughout history, water has always been recognized as one of the most essential natural elements. Due to issues such as water scarcity, especially in arid and desert regions, our ancestors developed water storage systems which today are regarded as cultural and historical heritage. While many of these systems may have lost their functionality, been destroyed, or lost their past beauty, they are always esteemed as valuable treasures among people.

These water storage systems, known as “Ab Anbar” in Persian, are underground reservoirs that historically provided for human needs during water shortages and were utilized across various parts of the world.

This article further discusses the importance of Ab Anbars, their main components, types of water reservoirs, their history, and lesser-known aspects. It also examines methods for maintaining clear and uncontaminated water, offering valuable insights into āb anbārs in the context of water scarcity in tropical regions.

The Role of Ab Anbars in the City of Kashan

Ab Anbars are recognized as public utility structures in desert settlements and have played a fundamental role in the lives and livelihoods of people. These Ab Anbars are respected and revered as cultural heritage and national assets among the populace, often assuming a semi-sacred aspect. These water structures were filled during winter with cool mountain waters from qanāts, rivers, and springs such as Solomon’s Spring, Niyasar, and the Qohrud Dam’s water.

In Kashan, due to its hot and dry desert climate, the existence of these water storage systems has provided courage and the ability to live in this region to people. Water for these structures was supplied from qanāts, rivers, and springs such as Solomon, Niyasar, and the Qohrud Dam.

Ab Anbars, among the oldest architectural structures in tropical regions like Kashan, are generally classified into two main categories. Due to diverse human needs, each of these water reservoirs can serve different purposes. For example, in the desert city of Kashan and its surrounding villages, there are public Ab Anbars equipped with pools, stairs, and wind catchers that played a crucial role in providing drinking water for the people.

Typically, alongside historical and religious buildings, mosques, roads, caravanserais, public baths, and gardens were also constructed and endowed by philanthropists and nobles. Therefore, no fees were charged for their use, and local communities had oversight over these public Ab Anbars. These structures can be built as standalone entities or accompanied by various facilities like baths, tīmchehs (small chambers), mosques, etc., and most of them lack any ornamental design. However, private Ab Anbars built within homes were used by household members to meet their specific needs, often constructed by wealthy individuals or rulers.

As mentioned, Kashan, due to its unique climate, required efficient water distribution and storage. Hence, Ab Anbars served diverse purposes in meeting the needs of the people in this region. In fact, their presence ensured that water scarcity during hot summers did not become problematic, allowing wells and qanāts to store water during times of scarcity, keeping water cool during the summer, and storing water during droughts or times of emergencies and wars.

History of Ab Anbars

Ab Anbars are recognized as vital reservoirs in dry lands, and Iran, due to its warm and dry climate, has been a pioneer in constructing and developing these water structures. Ab Anbars in Iran have a long history, and their role in the lives of Muslims expanded with the advancement of agriculture during the Islamic era. Throughout history, Ab Anbars have been important urban elements.

One of the oldest Ab Anbars in the world was constructed near Ur in the city of Ur around 2150 BCE. This water structure was built on the ziggurats of the city and was ordered by the king. Another ancient Ab Anbar in Iran is the Ab Anbar-e Estakhri in Fars, constructed in the 4th century AH (Islamic calendar), which was able to supply water to thousands of people for a year.

The Ab Anbar of Qasr-e Shirin is also one of the most famous ancient Ab Anbars, built in the 6th century BCE. This Ab Anbar has two reservoirs and 1001 columns, and for this reason, it is known as the “1001-column reservoir.” The construction order for this reservoir was issued by the Eastern Roman Emperor.

Ancient Ab Anbars of Kashan

The ancient Ab Anbars of Kashan, numbering around 70, are divided into three categories:

1. Pre-Safavid period:
   These Ab Anbars, such as Khwājah Taj al-Dīn, Habib Mūsā, in front of the Friday Mosque, and Mohtasham, are devoid of decorative embellishments.
2. Safavid period:
   These Ab Anbars were usually built in conjunction with mosques and were located under the Shabestan (prayer hall) of the mosque. Examples from this period include Ab Anbar-e Masjid-e Vazir and Mīr Sayyid ‘Alī.
3. Post-earthquake of 1192 AH (Islamic calendar):
   These Ab Anbars often feature decorative designs. Examples from this period include Ab Anbar-e Abd al-Razzāq Khān, Hajj Sayyid Husayn Sabagh, and Gūzar-e Nau in the market.

Historical periods of Ab Anbars

Pre-Safavid period:

This period includes Ab Anbars that were mostly practical and lacked decorations, such as Khwājah Taj al-Dīn and Habib Mūsā.

Safavid Period:

The history of water reservoirs in Iran dates back approximately 3500 years, initially serving as the water supply for the city of Ilam (Dur Untash). These reservoirs were characterized by their deep depth, domed ceilings, and lack of embellishments. Their coverings were typically flat and they were constructed for multifunctional purposes.

Post-1192 Hijri Earthquake Period:

This era encompasses reservoirs constructed after the earthquake, focusing more on decorative aspects. Examples include the Abdolrazzaq Khan and Hajj Seyyed Hossein Sabagh reservoirs.

Structural Differences in Reservoirs:

Throughout history, significant differences have existed between the construction of early and later water reservoirs. Early reservoirs primarily emphasized practical aspects and paid less attention to decorations. However, over time, reservoirs gradually evolved into structures that not only supplied water but also gained architectural and decorative importance. During the Safavid period, reservoirs were often built alongside mosques, featuring domed and deep structures. In subsequent periods, especially after the 1192 Hijri earthquake, reservoirs were constructed with more elaborate decorations and greater attention to architectural details.

Qajar Period:

During the Qajar era, water reservoirs exhibited greater splendor and beauty compared to previous periods. Their entryways showcased distinctive historical architecture. Materials such as limestone, lime plaster, Sarooj, and old bricks were commonly used in their construction.

Contemporary Era:

Present-day water reservoirs have shallower depths and simpler architectural designs. Construction now predominantly employs modern materials like cement, bricks, and plaster.

Kashan’s Water Reservoirs:

Kashan is home to 85 identified water reservoirs scattered across neighborhood centers and market alleys. Currently, about 45 of these reservoirs are operational. Most of Kashan’s reservoirs feature two windcatchers and share a similar architectural style, although some display different decorative elements.

Differences Across Different Periods:

• Safavid Period: Reservoirs were constructed with domed ceilings and minimal decorations, focusing primarily on functional purposes.
• Qajar Period: Reservoirs were more splendid and beautiful, with their entryways showcasing distinctive historical architecture and using traditional materials.
• Contemporary Era: Reservoirs have shallower depths and simpler designs, reflecting modern construction practices.

Role of Water Reservoirs in Kashan:

Water reservoirs play a crucial role in providing water during the hot and dry seasons in Kashan. With their dual windcatchers, they aid in keeping water cool and contribute to a unique urban structure. Despite their architectural similarities, some reservoirs exhibit variations in decorative elements, highlighting the importance of aesthetic considerations across different historical periods.

Notable Kashan Water Reservoir:

Hajj Hussein Sabagh Water Reservoir

The Hajj Hussein Sabagh Water Reservoir is one of Kashan’s most beautiful reservoirs, constructed by Hajj Seyyed Hossein Sabagh in the year 1240 Hijri Qamari. Its features include:

• Four windcatchers: Providing ventilation and helping maintain the coolness of the water.
• Large water storage capacity: Capable of storing a significant amount of water.
• Special decorations: The ceiling of this water reservoir is adorned with beautiful muqarnas work.
• Stone and tile work: Special stone and tile work enhances its unique beauty and appeal.

Hakim Harun Water Reservoir

The Hakim Harun Water Reservoir was built by a Jewish individual named Hakim Harun. Its features include:

• Two Faucets: There are two faucets at the water collection point of this reservoir; one for Muslims and the other for the Jewish residents of the area.
• Aba Abdullah Vow: The builder constructed this reservoir as a vow to Aba Abdullah.

Kooshk Safi Water Reservoir

The Kooshk Safi Water Reservoir, dating back to the Safavid era, has the following features:

• Two Water Collection Points: This reservoir has two separate staircases for water collection. One staircase provides access to Kooshk Safi Alley, while the other, built during the Qajar era, is located inside the adjacent historical Hosseini House.
• Large Windcatcher: The reservoir has a large windcatcher that sometimes served as a strategic lookout tower.

Gozaar Now Water Reservoir

The Gozaar Now Water Reservoir, from the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, was built by Seyyed Hossein Attar. Its features include:

• Beautiful Facade: The reservoir has a very beautiful facade.
• Stone Plaque: The construction date is inscribed on a stone plaque above the entrance.

Larkub Water Reservoir

The Larkub Water Reservoir is located on Baba Afzal Street in the Pankhel Bazaar. Its features include:

• Great Depth: The reservoir has a very deep source with around 70 steps.
• Restoration: A shop (a car agency) was built on the roof of the reservoir with permission from the Endowments Organization, and two residential rooms were above the entrance. Recently, the rooms were purchased and demolished by the Kashan Cultural Heritage Organization, and the shop was vacated by the municipality. With the support of local residents and the committee for the preservation, restoration, and revitalization of Kashan’s historical reservoirs, this reservoir has been restored.

Chehel Tan Mausoleum Water Reservoir

The Chehel Tan Mausoleum Water Reservoir, dating from the first half of the 13th Hijri century, has the following features:

• Quranic Tile Inscription: This inscription is written in white on a lapis lazuli background, with the end written in gold script: “Work of Master Karim Bana and Sadeq 1229 Hijri Qamari.”
• Praise of Fath Ali Shah Qajar: Poems praising Fath Ali Shah Qajar can be seen on an inscription in this reservoir.

The Role of Water Reservoirs in Kashan

Water reservoirs play a crucial role in supplying water to the city of Kashan, especially during hot and dry seasons. These structures, with their windcatchers and intelligent architectural designs, help keep and store water cool. The unique decorations and architecture of each reservoir highlight their cultural and historical significance in the lives of Kashan’s people.

Different Sections of a Water Reservoir

۱. Reservoir Roofs

Water reservoirs have various types of roofs depending on the type and importance of the water storage:

• Domed Roof: This type of roof is often used for cylindrical tanks. Domed roofs are also used for large-diameter tanks. These roofs are typically curved and include a domed ceiling supported by beams.
• Curved Roof: Some water reservoirs have a curved arch roof. This type of roof is often used on rectangular water tanks. The simplest architecture of this type of roof is the curved arch.
• Kolombo Roof: Reservoirs with columns typically have a Kolombo roof. Due to its high resistance, this type of roof is used to bear the heavy static loads of water tanks.

۲. Flat Roof

Some water reservoirs have flat roofs, usually used for specific-shaped tanks.

۳. Entrance Arch

The entrance arch refers to the entry point of the water reservoir, often adorned with intricate decorations. Features include:

• Staircase: The entrance arch of the water reservoir typically leads to an interior staircase descending into the reservoir.
• Decorations: The entrance is often beautifully decorated with Muqarnas, bricks, and tiles.
• Inscription: Above the entrance arch, there is usually an inscription containing the builder’s name or a Quranic verse, indicating the construction date and cultural significance of the reservoir.

These various sections of the reservoirs not only help in providing water to the community but also serve as significant examples of architecture and cultural history in each region, making their preservation and maintenance highly important.

۴. Steps

Steps or staircases are used to access the water in the reservoirs. The dimensions of the steps vary depending on the size of the reservoir, with some steps reaching up to 50 centimeters in height. Reservoirs have different entrances and pathways, separating the entry routes for Muslims and non-Muslims.

۵. Reservoir Tank

The reservoir tank, or “Khazineh,” is one of the most critical parts of a water reservoir, storing water for various uses such as agriculture and drinking. Features include:

• Location: The tanks are located underground and typically have a diameter of up to 12 meters.
• Roof: The tanks are usually topped with a domed roof for protection, with access provided by steps.
• Shape: The tanks can be cylindrical, cubical, octagonal, or a combination of these shapes.
• Water Purity: Before water enters the tank, it must be cleaned of any impurities to ensure it remains pure. This process may take several days to optimize the water quality.

These sections of the reservoirs play a vital role in water storage and supply, while also showcasing unique architectural and cultural elements of each region.

۶. Spout

The spout, or large brass faucet, is located next to the tank and is positioned above the tank’s surface. This allows individuals to easily draw water from it. The spouts are usually octagonal or quadrilateral in shape, adding aesthetic appeal and improving functionality.

۷. Windcatcher

Windcatchers are another essential part of the water reservoirs, helping to keep the water cool in the tanks. Features include:

• Number of Windcatchers: The number of windcatchers varies, affecting the cooling of the water in the tank. More windcatchers result in cooler water.
• Types of Windcatchers: Windcatchers can be single-sided, double-sided, four-sided, or multi-sided. These variations help direct the wind into the reservoir spaces, promoting air circulation and significantly cooling the water in the reservoirs.

These two sections play crucial roles in preserving water and providing optimal conditions for its various uses, demonstrating the engineering and architectural expertise in managing water resources in different climatic conditions.

Vents in Water Reservoirs

Vents play an important role in improving the quality and preserving the water inside the tanks. They are divided into several categories, each with specific functions:

Ventilation Vents:

• These vents are located at the top of the dome and the side walls of the reservoir.
• Their function is to ventilate the water inside the tank, preventing it from becoming stagnant and spoiling.
• By providing proper ventilation, these vents ensure water quality and adequate oxygen transfer to the water within the reservoirs.

Sediment Drainage Vents

• Location: These vents are situated at the bottom of the water reservoir.
• Function: Their primary function is to collect and discharge the accumulated sediments from inside the reservoir.
• Benefit: By incorporating these vents, the accumulation of sediments that could compromise the water quality is prevented, thus maintaining the cleanliness of the water within the tank.

Light Vents

• Purpose: These vents are designed to allow sunlight to enter the water reservoir.
• Benefit: Sunlight helps disinfect the water and reduces microbial presence.
• Impact: Adequate lighting can enhance the natural purification process of the water, further improving its quality by reducing microorganisms.

These vents significantly contribute to maintaining water quality within the reservoirs by providing proper ventilation, sediment discharge, and effective lighting, showcasing the precise and balanced engineering in the design of Iranian water structures.

Architectural Features of Kashan’s Water Reservoirs

۱. Entrance Arch

The entrance arches of Kashan’s water reservoirs are designed with meticulous detail and beauty, often featuring:

• Islamic Floral Patterns: These motifs, representing Iranian culture, are applied to mosaic tiles or stones used in the decoration of the entrance arches.
• Mosaic Tiles: The use of beautifully crafted mosaic tiles, created by skilled artisans, enhances the entrance’s aesthetics.

۲. Staircases

Staircases in water reservoirs serve not only as access routes but also as beautiful architectural elements:

• Lighting: Proper lighting in staircases, using natural or artificial lights, enhances their beauty and adds a special charm to the space.

۳. Water Tank

The water tank within the reservoirs stores water for a period, ensuring easy access for consumers. The internal decorations of the tanks include:

• Wall Paintings: The walls of the tanks are often adorned with paintings, usually depicting motifs from nature, flowers, plants, or animals, adding vibrancy and appeal to the space.

Methods of Water Extraction in Kashan’s Reservoirs

۱. Water Extraction by Carrier

In this method, an individual known as a carrier is responsible for delivering water from the reservoirs to homes:

• Filling the Water Bag: The carrier fills a water bag using a bucket from the reservoir.
• Delivery: The carrier transports the water-filled bag to the homes and pours the water into household containers.
• Payment: The carrier charges a fee, known as “hazineh,” for this service.

۲. Water Extraction via Tanboosheh (Aqueduct)

Tanboosheh, or aqueducts, channel water from sources like springs or rivers into the reservoirs:

• Material: Tanboosheh pipes are typically made of clay, stone, or bricks.
• Supply: People use tanboosheh to supply and extract water from the reservoirs.

۳. Water Extraction Using Well Wheel

Some reservoirs are equipped with well wheels for water extraction:

• Operation: The well wheel lifts water from the tank to the surface.
• Animal Power: Usually, animals like cows or horses are used to operate the well wheel.

Additional Elements in Water Reservoirs

Besides water extraction methods, Kashan’s water reservoirs feature elements like ventilation vents, sediment drainage vents, light vents, etc., each performing specific functions such as:

• Ventilation Vents: For ventilating the water inside the tank and preventing it from becoming stagnant and spoiling.

These components not only aid in water preservation and optimal usage but also represent examples of Iranian engineering and architectural prowess in managing water resources across varying climatic conditions.

Sediment Drainage Vents

• Function: For removing the sediments collected at the bottom of the tank.
• Light Vents: These vents allow sunlight to enter the tank, helping to disinfect the water and reduce microbial presence.

These elements all contribute to the enhanced attractiveness and functionality of Kashan’s water reservoirs, making them one of the prominent symbols of traditional Iranian architecture.

Additional Features of Water Reservoirs

1. Settling Pools:

• Some reservoirs have settling pools responsible for water purification.
• Impure water and sediments accumulate in these pools, and the purified water is ready for extraction.
• These pools function as water filtration systems within the reservoirs.

1. Use of Straw and Matting:

• In some reservoirs, straw and matting are used during cold seasons to maintain the water temperature.
• This helps keep the water warmer during winter and prevents freezing.

1. Secondary Tanks:

• Some reservoirs have secondary tanks used as additional storage for times of water scarcity or increased demand.
• These secondary tanks ensure continuous water supply in adverse conditions.

These points highlight the important roles of different features in managing water resources and meeting the water needs of people in various environmental conditions.

Conclusion

Water reservoirs have played a crucial role in providing water resources and solving water scarcity issues while also being recognized as unique and historical architectural works. With their special designs and beautiful architectural techniques, they have gained significant value.

However, with the advancement of water piping systems, historical water reservoirs have gradually fallen into neglect. This has led to the cultural heritage of these structures being less known among younger generations. Despite some being registered as national monuments of Iran, water reservoirs are also recognized as important tourist attractions, drawing many visitors.

Overall, preserving and protecting the historical water reservoirs as part of the national cultural heritage is of great importance. These structures not only symbolize past engineering and development capabilities but also play a significant role in the cultural and daily lives of people.

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